Proof of Credibility: A Dynamic Consensus Framework for Blockchain Applications

Authors

  • Khamar Jalpa LDRP-ITR,Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya,SVKM,Gandhinagar-382015,Gujarat,India
  • Hiren Patel VS-ITR, Sarva Vidyalaya Kelvani Mandal, Kadi, 382715, India

Keywords:

Blockchain, Consensus, Credibility, Decentralization, security

Abstract

Blockchain is a technology for decentralized data management that was first created for Bitcoin. It is well-liked because of its security, anonymity, and data integrity. Blockchain peers are able to agree thanks to various algorithms. Nevertheless, validatorstatus, latency, and node failure factors are found to be absent from so many current systems. Traditional consensus mechanisms often solely consider technical specifications or stake, neglecting the reputation and credibility of validators. This can lead to malicious actors or less credible validators participating in the network, potentially compromising its integrity and stability. Also, slow transaction processing speeds can hinder user experience and limit blockchain applicability in fast-paced scenarios. Optimizing consensus mechanisms for speed while maintaining security and accuracy remains a significant challenge. Blockchain resilience hinges on its ability to withstand node failures without compromising data integrity or transaction processing. Existing approaches may not adequately address potential failure scenarios, leading to network disruptions and compromised trust. Our novel Proof of Credibility (PoC) tackles key gaps in existing consensus mechanisms, like validator reputation and latency. PoC prioritizes trustworthy validators and optimizes performance, making it ideal for crucial sectors like finance and smart contracts. By analyzing existing mechanisms and their variables like energy consumption and network size, we unveil optimization potential for a new generation of secure, scalable, and future-proof blockchains.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

G. O. Young, “Synthetic structure of industrial plastics (Book style with [1] N. Satoshi, Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system, Available: https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf, Accessed on 23rd of January, 2018.

X. Li, P. Jiang, T. Chen, X. Luo, Q. Wen, A survey on the security of blockchain, Future Generation Computer Systems, pp. 1-13, 2017.

Z. Hess, Y. Malahov, J. Pettersson, Eternity blockchain: The trustless, decentralised and purely functional oracle machine, White paper, 2017 Available: https://aeternity.com/aeternity-blockchain-whitepaper.pdf, Accessed on 23rd of January, 2018.

A. Ekblad, A. Azaria, J.D. Halamka, A. Lippman, A case study for blockchain in healthcare: medrec prototype for electronic health records and medical research data, 2016, White paper, 2016, Available: https://www.media.mit.edu/publications/medrecwhitepaper/, Accessed on 23rd of January, 2018.

A. Azaria, A. Ekblaw, T. Vieira, A. Lippman, Medrec: Using blockchain for medical data access and permission management, in: International Conference on Open and Big Data, OBD, pp. 25-30, 2016.

X. Yue, H. Wang, D. Jin, M. Li, W. Jiang, Healthcare data gateways: Found healthcare intelligence on blockchain with novel privacy risk control, J. Med. Syst., 2016, pp. 218, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-016-0574-6.

SHuckle, R. Bhattacharya, M. White, N. Beloff, Internet of things, blockchain and shared economy applications, Proc. Comput. Sci. 98, pp. 461-466, 2016.

P. Bylica, Ł. Gleń, P. Janiuk, A. Skrzypczak, A. Zawłocki, A probabilistic nano payment scheme for golem, Available: http://golemproject.net/doc/GolemNanopayments.pdf, 2015.

P.Hurich, The virtual is real: An argument for characterising bitcoins as private property, in: Banking & Finance Law Review, vol. 31, Carswell Publishing, 2016.

A. Dorri, S.S. Kanhere, R. Jurdak, P. Gauravaram, Blockchain for iot security and privacy: The case study of a smart home, in: IEEE Percom Workshop on Security Privacy and Trust in the Internet of Thing, 2017.

Y. Zhang, J. Wen, The IoT electric business model: Using blockchain technology for the internet of things, Peer-to- Peer Netw. Appl., pp. 1-12, 2016.

J. Sun, J. Yan, K.Z. Zhang, Blockchain-based sharing services: What blockchain technology can contribute to smart cities, Financ. Innov., 2016, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-016-0040-y.

X. Xu, C. Pautasso, L. Zhu, V. Gramoli, A. Ponomarev, A.B. Tran, S. Chen, The blockchain as a software connector, in: The 13th Working IEEE/IFIP Conference on Software Architecture, WICSA, 2016.

E.Nordstr.m, Personal Clouds: Concedo (Master’s thesis), Lulea University of Technology, 2015.

J.S.Czepluch, N.Z. Lollike, S.O. Malone, The use of block chain technology in different application domains, in: The IT University of Copenhagen, 2015.

M. Correia, G. S. Veronese, N. F. Neves, and P. Verissimo, Byzantine consensus in asynchronous message-passing systems: a survey, International Journal of Critical Computer-Based Systems, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 141–161, 2011.

S. Bano, A. Sonnino, M. Al-Bassam, S. Azouvi, P. McCorry, S. Meiklejohn, G. Danezis, Consensus in the Age of Blockchains, Available: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1711.03936.pdf, Accessed on 23rd of January, 2018,

Y. Li, Z. Luo, J. Yin, L. D. Xu, Y. Yin, Z. Wu, Enterprise pattern: integrating the business process into a unified enterprise model of modern service company, vol. 11, no. 1, 2015, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17517575.2015.1053415.

A.Meidan, J. A. Garcia-Garcia, M. J. Escalona, I. Ramos, A survey on business processes management suites, Computer Standards & Interfaces, vol. 51, pp. 71-86, 2017.

H.Ariouat, C. Hanachi, E. Andonoff, F. Benaben, A conceptual framework for social business process management, Procedia Computer Science, vol. 112, pp. 703-712, 2017.

F. Rahimi, C. Moller, L. Hvam, Business process management and IT management: the missing integration, International Journal of Information Management, vo. 36, no. 1, pp. 142-154, 2016.

G. Bracha, S. Toueg, Asynchronous consensus and broadcast protocols, Journal of the ACM (JACM), vol.32 no.4, pp.824-840, Oct. 1985.

M. Castro, B. Liskov, Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance, in the Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, New Orleans, USA, February 1999.

19 Industries The Blockchain Will Disrupt [Online], Available:http://futurethinkers.org/industries-blockchaindisrupt/, Accessed on 5th of February, 2018.

C. Hammerschmidt, Consensus in Blockchain Systems. In Short, Available:https://medium.com/@chrshmmmr/consensus-in-blockchain- systems-in-short-691fc7d1fefe, Accessed on 5th of February, 2018.

A. Baliga, Understanding Blockchain Consensus Models, Whitepaper, 2017.

M.Vukolic, The Quest for Scalable Blockchain Fabric: Proof-of-Work vs. BFT Replication, In Proc. IFIP WG 11.4 Workshop Open Res. Problems Netw. Secure. (iNetSec), pp. 112-125, 2015,

L. Lamport, R. Shostak, M. Pease, The Byzantine Generals Problem, ACM Trans. Programming Languages and Systems, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 382-401, July 1982

Fedor Muratov, Andrei Lebedev, Nikolai Iushkevich, Bulat Nasrulin,Makoto Takemiya Soramitsu, “YAC: BFT Consensus Algorithm for Blockchain”, arXiv:1809.00554v1 [cs. DC] 3 Sep 2018

Siamak Solat “RDV: An Alternative to Proof-of- Work and a real Decentralized Consensus for Blockchain”,ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-6050-0/18/11http://doi.org/10.1145/3282278.3282283

Tae Kim, Jungha Jin, Keecheon Kim ,”A study on an energy-effective and secure consensus algorithm for private blockchain systems (PoM: Proof of Majority)”, 978-1-5386-5041-7/18/ ©2018 IEEE,http://doi.org/10.1145/3282278.3282283

Sungmin Kim, Joongheon Kim “POSTER: Mining with proof of probability in blockchain”, ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5576-6/18/06, http://doi.org/10.1145/3196494.320192

Phil Daian, Rafael Pass, Elaine Shi, "Snow white: Provably secure proofs of stake", Cryptology ePrint Archive Report 2016/919, 2016.

Rafael Pass and Elaine Shi. 2017. The Sleepy Model of Consensus. In ASIACRYPT 2017, Part II (LNCS), Tsuyoshi Takagi and Thomas Peyrin (Eds.),Vol. 10625. Springer, Heidelberg, 380–409

Badertscher, C., Gazi, P., Kiayias, A., Russell, A., & Zikas, V. (2018). Ouroboros Genesis: Composable Proof-of-Stake Blockchains with Dynamic Availability. ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security

khamar, J., Patel, H. (2021). An Extensive Survey on Consensus Mechanisms for Blockchain Technology. In: Kotecha, K., Piuri, V., Shah, H., Patel, R. (eds) Data Science and Intelligent Applications. Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies, vol 52. Springer, Singapore.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4474-3_40

De Angelis, Stefano. (2018). Assessing Security and Performances of Consensus algorithms for Permissioned Blockchains.

Bach, L. M., Branko Mihaljevic, and Mario Zagar. "Comparative analysis of Blockchain consensus algorithms." 2018 41st International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO). IEEE, 2018.

Yuan, Yong, and Fei-Yue Wang. "Towards Blockchain-based intelligent transportation systems." 2016 IEEE 19th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC). IEEE, 2016.

J. Ray, “Proof of stake FAQ”, https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Proof-of-Stake-FAQ, 2018.

Nguyen, Giang-Truong, and Kyungbaek Kim. "A Survey about Consensus Algorithms Used in Blockchain." Journal of Information processing systems 14.1 (2018).

Bentov, I., et al. "Proof of activity: extending bitcoin’s proof of work via proof of stake. ACM SIGMETRICS Perform." Eval. Rev 42.3 (2014): 34-37.

Milutinovic, Mitar, et al. "Proof of luck: An efficient Blockchain consensus protocol." proceedings of the 1st Workshop on System Software for Trusted Execution. ACM, 2016.

Salimitari, Mehrdad, and Mainak Chatterjee. "An overview of blockchain and consensus protocols for IoT networks." arXiv preprint arXiv:1809.05613 (2018).

Huang, Dongyan, Xiaoli Ma, and Shengli Zhang. "Performance analysis of the Raft consensus algorithm for private blockchains." IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems (2019).

Miguel Castro and Barbara Liskov.” Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance”. http://pmg.csail.mit.edu/papers/osdi99.pdf, 1999

De Angelis, Stefano, et al. "Pbft vs proof-of-authority: applying the cap theorem to permissioned blockchain." (2018).

NEO White paper (2014). Availablehttp://docs.neo.org/en-us [Accessed: 10 FEB 2018.

Stuart Haber, W. Scott Stornetta: How to Time-stamp a Digital Document. In: Proceedings of the 10th Annual International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology, pp.437-455, (August 11-15) (1990)

S. Nakamoto: Bitcoin A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System.https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf(2008.)

Petri Helo, Yuqiuge Hao: Blockchains in operations and supply chains: A model and reference implementation. Computers & Industrial Engineering, Volume 136, pp. 242-251, ISSN 0360-8352, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2019.07.023.(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360835219304152)(2019)

A. Litke, D. Anagnostopoulos, and T. Varvarigou: Blockchains for supply chain management: Architectural elements and challenges towards a global scale deployment. Logistics, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 5, (2019)

M. Kouhizadeh and J. Sarkis: Blockchain practices, potentials, and perspectives in greening supply chains. Sustainability, vol. 10, no. 10, p. 3652(2018)

G. Danezis and S. Meiklejohn: Centrally Banked Cryptocurrencies (2015)

K. Biswas and V. Muthukkumarasamy: Securing smart cities using Blockchain technology. In: 18th IEEE International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications, 14th IEEE International Conference on Smart City and 2nd IEEE International Conference on Data Science and Systems, HPCC/SmartCity/DSS, pp. 1392-1393, (December 12, 14) (2016)

P. T. S. Liu: Medical record system using Blockchain, big data and tokenization. In: 18th International Conference on Information and Communications Security, pp. 254-261 ICICS (November 29- December 2 (2016)

M. Vukoli: The quest for scalable Blockchain fabric: Proof-of-work vs. BFT replication. In: IFIP WG 11.4 International Workshop on Open Problems in Network Security, pp. 112-125. iNetS (2016)

F. Idelberger, G. Governatori, R. Riveter, and G. Sartor: Evaluation of Logic-Based Smart Contracts for Blockchain Systems. Cham, Switzerland, pp. 167-83(2016)

D. Kraft: Difficulty control for Blockchain-based consensus systems. Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications, vol. 9, pp. 397-413, (201601-01) (2016)

Tama, Bayu Adhi, et al: A critical review of blockchain and its current applications. In: International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (ICECOS), IEEE (2017)

Drescher, Daniel: Blockchain basics. Berkeley, CA: Apress (2017)

M. Swan. Blockchain: Blueprint for a New Economy. O’Reilly, US (2015)

Schwartz, D., Youngs, N., & Britto, A: The ripple protocol consensus algorithm. Ripple Labs Inc White Paper, 5, 8(2014)

Brown, R. G., Carlyle, J., Grigg, I., & Hearn, M: Corda: an introduction. R3 CEV, August, 1, 15(2016)

Sousa, J., Bessani, A., &Vukolic, M: A byzantine fault-tolerant ordering service for the hyper ledger fabric Blockchain platform. In: 48th annual IEEE/IFIP international conference on dependable systems and networks (DSN) (pp. 51-58). IEEE. (June) (2018)

Baliga, A: Understanding Blockchain consensus models. In: Persistent (2017)

Guo, Y., & Liang, C: Blockchain application and outlook in the banking industry. Financial Innovation, 2(1), 24(2016)

De Angelis, Stefano: Assessing Security and Performances of Consensus algorithms for Permissioned Blockchains (2018)

L. Lamport, R. Shostak and M. Pease: The Byzantine Generals Problem. In: Acm Transactions on Programming Languages & Systems, vol. 4, pp. 382-401(1982)

Bach, L. M., Branko Mihaljevic, and Mario Zagar: Comparative analysis of Blockchain consensus algorithms. In: 41st International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO). IEEE (2018)

Downloads

Published

24.03.2024

How to Cite

Jalpa, K. ., & Patel, H. . (2024). Proof of Credibility: A Dynamic Consensus Framework for Blockchain Applications . International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering, 12(18s), 364–372. Retrieved from https://ijisae.org/index.php/IJISAE/article/view/4981

Issue

Section

Research Article