Understanding Osteoporosis: A Comprehensive Review of Risk Factors, Mechanisms, and Management Strategies
Keywords:
Osteoporosis, Bone density, Fracture risk, Risk factors, Epidemiology, PathophysiologyAbstract
Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by decreased bone density and micro architectural deterioration, leading to an increased risk of fractures and significant morbidity and mortality. This review provides a comprehensive overview of osteoporosis, focusing on its epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management strategies. Risk factors for osteoporosis include age, gender, genetics, hormonal factors, lifestyle factors, medication use, and comorbidities. The pathophysiology involves an imbalance between bone resorption and formation, primarily driven by alterations in osteoblast and osteoclast activity, along with various regulatory factors. Diagnostic approaches such as bone mineral density measurement and fracture risk assessment tools are essential for early detection and risk stratification. Management strategies include lifestyle modifications, pharmacological interventions, and fall prevention strategies aimed at reducing fracture risk and improving quality of life in patients with osteoporosis. This review highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach involving healthcare professionals, patients, and caregivers in the prevention, diagnosis, and management of osteoporosis to minimize its burden on individuals and healthcare systems
Downloads
References
Alissa E. M., Alnahdi W. A., Alama N. & Ferns G. A. (2015). Bone mineral density and cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women withcoronary artery disease. Bonekey Rep. 11:4:758.
Almeida, M. & Oliveira, A. (2017). Mediterranean and Atlantic food pattern: an approach to its key characteristics and health effects. Port Nutr Minutes, Porto, n. 11, p. 22-28,
Baccaro, L. F., Machado, V. S. S. M, Costa-Paiva, L., Sousa, M. H., Osis, M. J. & Pinto-Neto, A. M. (2013). Factors associated with osteoporosis in Brazilian women: a population-based household survey. Arch Osteopores. 8(1-2): 138.
Mohan, A.,Velrajkumar, G.,Prabha, G.,Vijayan, D.S,Ajith, J.Non-Destructive Test On Reinforced Concrete Corroded Columns Produced With Flyash, Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology., 2023, 24(1), pp. 114–125.
Gurusamy, V, Anbarasu, M.,Vijayakumar, Y.K., Behaviour of concrete-encased steel Castellated beam: A review, AIP Conference Proceedings., 2023, 2782, 020163.
Behringer, M., Gruetzner S., McCourt M. & Mester J. (2014). Effects of Weight-Bearing Activities on Bone Mineral Content and Density in Children and Adolescents: a meta-analysis. Journal Of Bone And Mineral Research, [S.L.], v. 29, no. 2, p. 467-478. Wiley. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.2036.
Mohan, A., Dinesh Kumar, R. and J., S. 2023. Simulation for Modified Bitumen Incorporated with Crumb Rubber Waste for Flexible Pavement. International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering. 11, 4s (Feb. 2023), 56–60
D., G. ., Ramar, A. ., Karpagam, S. ., J., S. ., S., R. ., & P., S. . (2024). Sign Language Recognition Using Convolutional Neural Network. International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering, 12(17s), 329–337.
Bonewald, L. F., Kiel, D. P., Clemens, T. L., Esser, K., Orwoll, E. S. & O'Keefe R. J. (2013). Forum on bone and skeletal muscle interaction: summary of the procedures of an ASBMR workshop. J. Bone Miner. Res. 28, 1857–1865. doi: 10.1002 / jbmr.1980.
Mohan, A., & K, S. . (2023). Computational Technologies in Geopolymer Concrete by Partial Replacement of C&D Waste. International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering, 11(4s), 282–292.
Prabha , G. , Mohan, A. , Kumar, R.D. and Velrajkumar, G. 2023. Computational Analogies of Polyvinyl Alcohol Fibres Processed Intellgent Systems with Ferrocement Slabs. International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering. 11, 4s (Feb. 2023), 313–321.
Fortes, E. M., Raffaelli, M. P., Bracco, O. L., Takata, E. T. T., Reis, F. B., Santili, C. & Castro, M. L. (2008). High Morbimortality and Low Diagnosis Rate of Osteoporosis in Elderly with Proximal Femur Fracture in the City of São Paulo. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab.
[12] Hyassat, D., Alyan, T., Jaddou, H. & Ajlouni, K. M. (2017). Prevalence and Risk Factors of Osteoporosis Among Jordanian Postmenopausal Women Attending the National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics in Jordan. Bioresearch Open Access, [S.L.], v. 6, no. 1, p. 85-93. Mary Ann Liebert Inc. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/biores.2016.0045
Kiel, D. (2021). Falls: Prevention in community-dwelling seniors. UpToDate.
Lacerda, S. A., Matuoja, R. I., Macedo, R. M., Petenusci, S. O., Campos, A. A. & Brentegani, L. G. (2010). Bone quality associated with daily coffee intake: biochemical, radiographic and histometric study.
Brazdental.Lanna, C. M. M., Montenegro, Jr. R. M., Paula, F. J. A. (2003) Pathophysiology of Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis. Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto - USP, SP.
Liu, S.H. (2011). Caffeine increases osteoclast differentiation from hematopoietic cells in bone marrow and reduces bone mineral density in growing rats. J Orthop Res.
Maeda, S.S. (2017). Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism. Know the osteoporosis numbers. <https://www.sbemsp.org.br/para-o- publico/noticias/116-conheca-os-numeros-da-osteoporosis>.
Marinho, B. C., Guerra, L. P., Drummond, J. B., Silva, B. C. & Soares, M. M. (2015). The burden of osteoporosis in Brazil. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 58(5): 434-43.
Martini, L. A., Moura, E. C., Santos, L. C., Malta, D. C. & Pinheiro, M. M. (2009). Prevalence of self-reported diagnosis of osteoporosis. Brazil. Rev Public Health; 43(Suppl 2): 107-16.
Mazocco, L. & Chagas, P. (2017). Association between body mass index and osteoporosis in women from northwestern Rio Grande do Sul. Rev Bras Reumatol, Palmeira das Missões, v. 57, no. 4, p. 299-305.
Melo, A. C. F., Nakatani, A. Y. K., Pereira, L. V., Menezes, T. L. & Pagotto, V. (2017). Prevalence of self-reported musculoskeletal diseases according to demographic and health variables: a cross-sectional study of elderly people from Goiânia/GO. Cad Saúde Coletiva, Rio de Janeiro, v, 25, n.2, p. 138-143.
Oliveira A. & VAZ C. (2015). The role of sarcopenia in the risk of osteoporotic hip fracture. Clin. Rheumatol. 34, 1673–1680. doi: 10.1007 / s10067-015- 2943-9
Pinheiro M.M., Ciconelli R.M., Jaques Nde O., Genaro P.S., Martini L.A. & Ferraz M.B. The burden of osteoporosis in Brazil: regional data from fractures in adult men and women – the Brazilian Osteoporosis Study (BRAZOS). Re22v Bras Rheumatol. 50(2): 113-27.
Quattrini, S., Pampaloni, B., Gronchi, G., Giusti F. & Brandi, M. L. (2021). The Mediterranean Diet in Osteoporosis Prevention: An Insight in a Peri- and Post-Menopausal Population. Nutrients 13, 531. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020531.
Radominski, S. C., Bernardo, W., Paula, A. P., Albergaria, B. H., Moreira, C., Fernandes, C. E., Castro, C. H. M., Zerbini, C. A. F., Domiciano, D. S., Wender ,M. C. O., Castro, M. L., Pereira, R. M. R., Maeda, S. F. & Borba, V. Z. C. (2017). Brazilian guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Brazilian Journal of Rheumatology (English Edition), [S.L.], v. 57, p. 452-466. Elsevier BV. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbre.2017.07.001.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
All papers should be submitted electronically. All submitted manuscripts must be original work that is not under submission at another journal or under consideration for publication in another form, such as a monograph or chapter of a book. Authors of submitted papers are obligated not to submit their paper for publication elsewhere until an editorial decision is rendered on their submission. Further, authors of accepted papers are prohibited from publishing the results in other publications that appear before the paper is published in the Journal unless they receive approval for doing so from the Editor-In-Chief.
IJISAE open access articles are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. This license lets the audience to give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made and if they remix, transform, or build upon the material, they must distribute contributions under the same license as the original.