Near-Duplicate Image Analysis: Comprehensive Approaches to Image Phylogeny Tree Construction and Forensic Applications
Keywords:
Near-duplicates, Image Phylogeny Tree, Digital Image Forensics, Evolutionary Reconstruction, Algorithmic Evaluation, Dissimilarity calculation.Abstract
The proliferation of digital technology enables unrestricted image creation and modification. These modified images often resurface on social media, creating a trail of near-duplicate images. This leads to challenges in tracking and verifying the origins and modifications of the image. In fields such as digital image forensics, news tracking services, and copyright enforcement, it is crucial to establish the connections between these modified images. An Image Phylogeny Tree (IPT) is created from a set of such altered images to map the sequence of changes at different levels. Image phylogeny organizes a series of logically similar images to highlight any modifications made to them. This paper investigates the construction of Image Phylogeny Trees (IPTs) to trace these relationships. It examines various algorithms—Oriented Kruskal (OK), Best Prim (BP), Optimum Branching (OB), Automatic Oriented Kruskal (AOK), and Automatic Optimum Branching (AOB)—for their efficiency in mapping the transformation sequence from an original image to its modified counterparts, providing a framework for systematic image alteration analysis.
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