Smart Blind Wand Using Ultrasonic and Infrared Sensors to Improve Mobility of the Visually Impaired
Keywords:
Arduino UNO, Blind, HCSR-04 Ultrasonic, InfraredAbstract
The eye is a part of the human body's organs, which is included in the five senses and has a crucial function in vision. Each person undoubtedly has different eyesight; therefore, this organ operates based on the principles related to light and darkness. With the sense of sight, humans can carry out all their activities. We know that some individuals must have limited physical conditions of the eyes, and some are even blind from birth. This research introduces an innovative solution for the visually impaired by designing and implementing a mobility aid in the form of a blind cane. This tool uses ultrasonic sensors as a substitute for the sense of sight, enabling the detection of obstacles or objects in front of the user. Additionally, infrared sensors are employed to detect the presence of holes. The Arduino microcontroller serves as the central hub for managing data from both types of sensors. The cane utilizes five HCSR-04 ultrasonic sensors with a transmitter range capable of detecting objects or obstacles within a warning distance. The response to this detection is conveyed to the user through a vibrating motor, providing alerts via vibrations and buzzer sounds located at the bottom of the cane. Consequently, this mobility aid for the visually impaired can significantly enhance effectiveness, increase independence, and offer practical solutions for daily activities.
Downloads
References
J. A. Schumpeter, Business cycles: a theoretical, historical, and statistical analysis of the capitalist process. McGraw-Hill, 1939.
L. D. Gitelman, M. V. Kozhevnikov, and D. G. Sandler, “Technology platforms as a tool for solving complex innovation problems,” International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 584–592, Oct. 2016, doi: 10.2495/DNE-V11-N4-584-592.
P. Kivimaa, W. Boon, and R. Antikainen, “Commercialising university inventions for sustainability—a case study of (non-) intermediating ‘cleantech’at Aalto University,” Sci Public Policy, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 631–644, 2017.
E. Danneels and F. Frattini, “Finding applications for technologies beyond the core business,” MIT Sloan Manag Rev, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 73–78, 2018.
M. A. Maier, M. Hofmann, and A. Brem, “Technology and trend management at the interface of technology push and market pull,” International journal of technology management, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 310–332, 2016.
O. Terzidis and L. Vogel, “A unified model of the technology push process and its application in a workshop setting,” Technology Entrepreneurship: Insights in New Technology-Based Firms, Research Spin-Offs and Corporate Environments, pp. 111–135, 2018.
R. Hamzeh and X. Xu, “Technology selection methods and applications in manufacturing: A review from 1990 to 2017,” Comput Ind Eng, vol. 138, p. 106123, 2019.
G. L. Bishop, A comprehensive model for technology push product development. Brigham Young University, 2004.
H. Al Amin, D. V. Setyadarma, and S. Wibisono, “Integration of the Faster R-CNN Algorithm for Waste Detection in an Android Application,” Revue d’Intelligence Artificielle, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 1407–1414, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.18280/ria.370604.
Ben Atitallah, Y. Said, M. A. Ben Atitallah, M. Albekairi, K. Kaaniche, and S. Boubaker, “An effective obstacle detection system using deep learning advantages to aid blind and visually impaired navigation,” Ain Shams Engineering Journal, vol. 15, no. 2, p. 102387, 2024.
H. H. Ehrsson, “43 The concept of body ownership and its relation to multisensory integration,” The New Handbook of Multisensory Process, 2012.
H. H. Ehrsson, “Bodily illusions,” The Routledge Handbook of Bodily Awareness, 2022.
H. H. Ehrsson, C. Spence, and R. E. Passingham, “That’s my hand! Activity in premotor cortex reflects feeling of ownership of a limb,” Science (1979), vol. 305, no. 5685, pp. 875–877, 2004.
J. R. Lackner, “Some proprioceptive influences on the perceptual representation of body shape and orientation,” Brain, vol. 111, no. 2, pp. 281–297, 1988.
L. Crucianelli, N. K. Metcalf, A. Fotopoulou, and P. M. Jenkinson, “Bodily pleasure matters: velocity of touch modulates body ownership during the rubber hand illusion,” Front Psychol, vol. 4, p. 703, 2013.
N. Hagura et al., “Activity in the posterior parietal cortex mediates visual dominance over kinesthesia,” Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 27, no. 26, pp. 7047–7053, 2007.
L. Crucianelli, C. Krahé, P. M. Jenkinson, and A. K. Fotopoulou, “Interoceptive ingredients of body ownership: Affective touch and cardiac awareness in the rubber hand illusion,” Cortex, vol. 104, pp. 180–192, 2018.
Monti, G. Porciello, G. Tieri, and S. M. Aglioti, “The ‘embreathment’ illusion highlights the role of breathing in corporeal awareness,” J Neurophysiol, 2020.
L. Crucianelli, A. Enmalm, and H. H. Ehrsson, “Interoception as independent cardiac, thermosensory, nociceptive, and affective touch perceptual submodalities,” Biol Psychol, vol. 172, p. 108355, 2022.
L. Crucianelli and H. H. Ehrsson, “Visuo-thermal congruency modulates the sense of body ownership,” Commun Biol, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 731, 2022.
Van Der Hoort, A. Guterstam, and H. H. Ehrsson, “Being Barbie: the size of one’s own body determines the perceived size of the world,” PLoS One, vol. 6, no. 5, p. e20195, 2011.
E. R. Ferrè, E. Berlot, and P. Haggard, “Vestibular contributions to a right-hemisphere network for bodily awareness: combining galvanic vestibular stimulation and the ‘Rubber Hand Illusion,’” Neuropsychologia, vol. 69, pp. 140–147, 2015.
N. Preuss and H. H. Ehrsson, “Full-body ownership illusion elicited by visuo-vestibular integration.,” J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, vol. 45, no. 2, p. 209, 2019.
Radziun and H. H. Ehrsson, “Auditory cues influence the rubber-hand illusion.,” J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, vol. 44, no. 7, p. 1012, 2018.
Nava and A. Tajadura-Jiménez, “Auditory-induced body distortions in children and adults,” Sci Rep, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 3024, 2020.
Ben Atitallah, Y. Said, M. A. Ben Atitallah, M. Albekairi, K. Kaaniche, and S. Boubaker, “An effective obstacle detection system using deep learning advantages to aid blind and visually impaired navigation,” Ain Shams Engineering Journal, vol. 15, no. 2, p. 102387, 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2023.102387.
Z. A. Ali, “Design and evaluation of two obstacle detection devices for visually impaired people,” Journal of Engineering Research, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 100–105, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jer.2023.100132.
G. Muthua, R. P. Theart, and M. J. Booysen, “Using infrared to improve face recognition of individuals with highly pigmented skin,” iScience, vol. 26, no. 7, 2023.
L. Li et al., “On-orbit monitoring flying aircraft day and night based on SDGSAT-1 thermal infrared dataset,” Remote Sens Environ, vol. 298, p. 113840, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2023.113840.
Al-Habaibeh, S. Yaseen, and B. Nweke, “A comparative study of low and high resolution infrared cameras for IoT smart city applications,” Ain Shams Engineering Journal, vol. 14, no. 6, p. 102108, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2022.102108.
L. Feng, Y. Liu, Y. Wang, H. Zhou, M. Wu, and T. Li, “An ultra-small integrated CO2 infrared gas sensor for wearable end-tidal CO2 monitoring,” iScience, vol. 26, no. 11, 2023.
M. Mejia-Herrera, J. S. Botero-Valencia, D. Betancur-Vásquez, and E. A. Moncada-Acevedo, “Low-cost system for analysis pedestrian flow from an aerial view using Near-Infrared, Microwave, and Temperature sensors,” HardwareX, vol. 13, p. e00403, 2023.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
All papers should be submitted electronically. All submitted manuscripts must be original work that is not under submission at another journal or under consideration for publication in another form, such as a monograph or chapter of a book. Authors of submitted papers are obligated not to submit their paper for publication elsewhere until an editorial decision is rendered on their submission. Further, authors of accepted papers are prohibited from publishing the results in other publications that appear before the paper is published in the Journal unless they receive approval for doing so from the Editor-In-Chief.
IJISAE open access articles are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. This license lets the audience to give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made and if they remix, transform, or build upon the material, they must distribute contributions under the same license as the original.
