A 70mV Input Bulk Switching Inductive-Load Ring Oscillator Based Start up Circuit for Thermal Energy Harvested DC-DC Boost Converter with 69% Efficiency
Keywords:
DC-DC Boost Converter, bulk switching ILRO-Inductive load ring oscillator, CP-Charge pump, duty cycle generator.Abstract
An ultra low voltage startup for DC-DC boost converter for portable applications is presented in this work. This work makes use of proposed bulk switching Inductive-load ring oscillator (ILRO) to generate high amplitude signals at voltages as low as 70 mV without use of off chip inductor. The proposed circuit serves as part of auxiliary DC converter for the Thermo Electric Generator based DC-DC converter. The output of proposed ILRO drives the 6-Stages of charge pump. The output of charge pump is used as supply for the control circuits in the boost converter. The complete design is implemented in 180nm CMOS technology using Cadence Virtuoso. The proposed work shows better performance in terms of low operating input voltage, boosted output voltage and efficiency. The TEG input voltage is 70mV and the output boosted voltage achieved is 1V with a conversion efficiency of 69% and output power of 65µW. There are no external off-chip components used in the design of start-up circuit.
Downloads
References
A. Wang, J. Kwong, and A. Chandrakasan, “Out of Thin Air: Energy Scavenging and the Path to Ultralow-Voltage Operation”, IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine, vol.4, pp.38-42,2012.
O.H. Ando Junior, A.L.O. Maran, and N.C. Henao, “A review of the development and applications of thermoelectric microgenerators for energy harvesting,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 91, (2018) 376-393.
Q. Liu, X. Wu, M. Zhao, L. Wang and X. Shen, "30–300mV input, ultra-low power, self-startup DC-DC boost converter for energy harvesting system," 2012 IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 2012, pp. 432-435, doi: 10.1109/APCCAS.2012.6419064.
E. Carlson, K. Strunz and B. Otis, "20mV input boost converter for thermoelectric energy harvesting," 2009 Symposium on VLSI Circuits, Kyoto, Japan, 2009, pp. 162-163.
Y. K. Ramadass and A. P. Chandrakasan, "A Battery-Less Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting Interface Circuit With 35 mV Startup Voltage," in IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 333-341, Jan. 2011, doi: 10.1109/JSSC.2010.2074090.
J. P. Im, S. W. Wang, S. T. Ryu and G. H. Cho, "A 40 mV Transformer-Reuse Self-Startup Boost Converter With MPPT Control for Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting," in IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 47, no. 12, pp. 3055-3067, Dec. 2012, doi: 10.1109/JSSC.2012.2225734.
Chen, P. Zhang, X. Ishida, K.; Okuma, Y. Ryu, Y. Takamiya, M. Sakurai, T. “An 80 mV startup dual-mode boost converter by charge-pumped pulse generator and threshold voltage tuned oscillator with hot carrier injection”. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 47, no. 11, pp. 2554–2562, Nov 2012. ISSN 0018-9200.
P.H. Chen, K. Ishida, X. Zhang, Y. Okuma, Y. Ryu, M. Takamiya, and T. Sakurai, "0.18-V input charge pump with forward body biasing in startup circuit using 65nm CMOS," IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference 2010, San Jose, CA, USA, , pp. 1-4, 2010doi: 10.1109/CICC.2010.5617444.
P.H. Chen, K.. Ishida, K. Ikeuchi, X. Zhang, K. Honda, Y. Okuma, Y. Ryu, M. Takamiya, and T. Sakurai, “Startup techniques for 95 mV step-up converter by capacitor pass-on scheme and VTH-tuned oscillator with fixed charge programming,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1252–1260, May 2012.
J. Goeppert and Y. Manoli, “Fully integrated startup at 70 mV of boost converters for thermoelectric energy harvesting,” in IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 51, no. 7, pp. 1716-1726, July 2016.
M. Dezyani, H. Ghafoorifard, S. Sheikhaei and W. A. Serdijn, "A 60 mV Input Voltage, Process Tolerant Start-Up System for Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting," in IEEE Transactions on Circuits Systems I and: Regular Papers, vol. 65, no. 10, pp. 3568-3577, Oct. 2018, doi: 10.1109/TCSI.2018.2834312.
C.L. Chen, and C. Yi, “120 mV-Startup Boost Converter for Thermal Energy Harvesting System” in Sensors & Transducers Journal Vol. 227, Issue 11, , pp. 51-59. Nov. 2018
H.M.P.C. Jayaweera, W.P.M.R. Pathirana, and A. Muhtaroğlu, “Fully Integrated Ultra-Low Voltage Step-up Converter with Voltage Doubling LC-Tank for Energy Harvesting Applications.” Journal of Physics: Conference Series 660, Vol. 660, No. 1, p. 012017, Nov. 2015.
B. M. Lim, J. I. Seo and S. G. Lee, "A Colpitts Oscillator-Based Self-Starting Boost Converter for Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting With 40-mV Startup Voltage and 75% Maximum Efficiency," in IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 53, no. 11, pp. 3293-3302, Nov. 2018, doi: 10.1109/JSSC.2018.2863951.
R. L. Radin, M. Sawan, C. Galup-Montoro and M. C. Schneider, "A 7.5-mV-Input Boost Converter for Thermal Energy Harvesting With 11-mV Self-Startup," in IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, vol. 67, no. 8, pp. 1379-1383, Aug. 2020, doi: 10.1109/TCSII.2019.2939123.
M. Bender Machado, M. C. Schneider, M. Sawan and C. Galup-Montoro, "Fully-integrated 86 mV–1V step-up converter for energy harvesting applications," 2014 IEEE 12th International New Circuits and Systems Conference (NEWCAS), Trois-Rivieres, QC, Canada, 2014, pp. 452-455, doi: 10.1109/NEWCAS.2014.6934080.
H. Fuketa, S. i. O'uchi and T. Matsukawa, "Fully Integrated, 100-mV Minimum Input Voltage Converter With Gate-Boosted Charge Pump Kick-Started by LC Oscillator for Energy Harvesting," in IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 392-396, April 2017, doi: 10.1109/TCSII.2016.2573382.
T. Niiyama, P. Zhe, K. Ishida, M. Murakata, M. Takamiya and T. Sakurai, "Dependence of Minimum Operating Voltage (VDDmin) on Block Size of 90-nm CMOS Ring Oscillators and its Implications in Low Power DFM," 9th International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design (isqed 2008), San Jose, CA, USA, 2008, pp. 133-136, doi: 10.1109/ISQED.2008.4479713
G. Palumbo and D. Pappalardo, "Charge Pump Circuits: An Overview on Design Strategies and Topologies," in IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 31-45, First Quarter 2010, doi: 10.1109/MCAS.2009.935695.
R.W. Erickson and D. Maksimovic, Fundamentals of Power Electronics: Springer, 2001.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
All papers should be submitted electronically. All submitted manuscripts must be original work that is not under submission at another journal or under consideration for publication in another form, such as a monograph or chapter of a book. Authors of submitted papers are obligated not to submit their paper for publication elsewhere until an editorial decision is rendered on their submission. Further, authors of accepted papers are prohibited from publishing the results in other publications that appear before the paper is published in the Journal unless they receive approval for doing so from the Editor-In-Chief.
IJISAE open access articles are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. This license lets the audience to give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made and if they remix, transform, or build upon the material, they must distribute contributions under the same license as the original.