Image Forgery Detection Using Deep Learning-Based Stable Keypoint Feature Extractor and Multiscale Caswide Residual Networks
Keywords:
Classification, Feature selection, Image forgery, Multiscale analysis, Residual networkAbstract
Today, when the advancement of manipulation techniques has great speed, the ability to detect the image forgery becomes extremely important for maintaining the probity and reliability of the digital content. In this work, we propose a Deep Learning (DL) framework composed of a Stable Keypoint Feature Extractor to effectively select robust features, and Multiscale CASWide Residual Networks for accurate and dependable classification. Additionally, the Stable Keypoint Feature Extractor designed to reliably detect forgery prone regions, and the multiscale architecture to learn intricate global and local patterns for better forgery type detection encompassing copy-move, splicing and AI generated manipulations. The system is found to be resilient to noisy and compressed speech, compression artifacts, and various geometric transformations and in doing so, outperforms current methods in terms of robustness and scalability. Its efficiency is validated by extensive experimental results on benchmark datasets to achieve improved accuracy with reduced false positives. Proposed methods achieve 91.45 % accuracy in feature selection and 92.46% accuracy in classification. These results demonstrate the promise of using this adaptable and computationally efficient framework to deploy digital forensics, content authentication, and real time forgery detection in security critical applications.
Downloads
References
Guo, X., Liu, X., Ren, Z., Grosz, S., Masi, I., & Liu, X. (2023). Hierarchical fine-grained image forgery detection and localization. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (pp. 3155-3165).
Shan, W., Zou, D., Wang, P., Yue, J., Liu, A., & Li, J. (2024). RIFD-Net: A Robust Image Forgery Detection Network. IEEE Access.
Al-Hammadi, M. H., Muhammad, G., Hussain, M., & Bebis, G. (2013). Curvelet transform and local texture based image forgery detection. In Advances in Visual Computing: 9th International Symposium, ISVC 2013, Rethymnon, Crete, Greece, July 29-31, 2013. Proceedings, Part II 9 (pp. 503-512). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Asghar, K., Sun, X., Rosin, P. L., Saddique, M., Hussain, M., & Habib, Z. (2019). Edge–texture feature-based image forgery detection with cross-dataset evaluation. Machine Vision and Applications, 30(7), 1243-1262.
Rathore, N. K., Jain, N. K., Shukla, P. K., Rawat, U., & Dubey, R. (2021). Image forgery detection using singular value decomposition with some attacks. National Academy Science Letters, 44(4), 331-338.
Abosamra, G., & Oqaibi, H. (2021). Using residual networks and cosine distance-based K-NN algorithm to recognize on-line signatures. IEEE Access, 9, 54962-54977.
Ranjan, S., Garhwal, P., Bhan, A., Arora, M., & Mehra, A. (2018, May). Framework for image forgery detection and classification using machine learning. In 2018 2nd international conference on trends in electronics and informatics (ICOEI) (pp. 1-9). IEEE.
Diwan, A., Kumar, D., Mahadeva, R., Perera, H. C. S., & Alawatugoda, J. (2023). Unveiling copy-move forgeries: Enhancing detection with SuperPoint keypoint architecture. IEEE Access.
Agarwal, R., & Verma, O. P. (2020). An efficient copy move forgery detection using deep learning feature extraction and matching algorithm. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 79(11), 7355-7376.
Deshpande, P., & Kanikar, P. (2012). Pixel based digital image forgery detection techniques. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA), 2(3), 539-543.
Muhammad, G., Al-Hammadi, M. H., Hussain, M., & Bebis, G. (2014). Image forgery detection using steerable pyramid transform and local binary pattern. Machine Vision and Applications, 25, 985-995.
Yue, G., Duan, Q., Liu, R., Peng, W., Liao, Y., & Liu, J. (2022). SMDAF: A novel keypoint based method for copy‐move forgery detection. IET Image Processing, 16(13), 3589-3602.
Arun Anoop, M., Karthikeyan, P., & Poonkuntran, S. (2024). Unsupervised/Supervised Feature Extraction and Feature Selection for Multimedia Data (Feature extraction with feature selection for Image Forgery Detection). Supervised and Unsupervised Data Engineering for Multimedia Data, 27-61.
Dhivya, S., Sangeetha, J., & Sudhakar, B. J. S. C. (2020). Copy-move forgery detection using SURF feature extraction and SVM supervised learning technique. Soft Computing, 24(19), 14429-14440.
Khalil, A. H., Ghalwash, A. Z., Elsayed, H. A. G., Salama, G. I., & Ghalwash, H. A. (2023). Enhancing digital image forgery detection using transfer learning. IEEE Access, 11, 91583-91594.
Farooq, S., Yousaf, M. H., & Hussain, F. (2017). A generic passive image forgery detection scheme using local binary pattern with rich models. Computers & Electrical Engineering, 62, 459-472.
Jalab, H. A., Subramaniam, T., Ibrahim, R. W., Kahtan, H., & Noor, N. F. M. (2019). New texture descriptor based on modified fractional entropy for digital image splicing forgery detection. Entropy, 21(4), 371.
Vidyadharan, D. S., & Thampi, S. M. (2017). Digital image forgery detection using compact multi-texture representation. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 32(4), 3177-3188.
Diwan, A., & Roy, A. K. (2024). CNN-Keypoint Based Two-Stage Hybrid Approach for Copy-Move Forgery Detection. IEEE Access, 12, 43809-43826.
Luo, S., Peng, A., Zeng, H., Kang, X., & Liu, L. (2019). Deep residual learning using data augmentation for median filtering forensics of digital images. IEEE Access, 7, 80614-80621.
Yang, P., Ni, R., Zhao, Y., & Zhao, W. (2019). Source camera identification based on content-adaptive fusion residual networks. Pattern Recognition Letters, 119, 195-204.
Saber, A. H., Khan, M. A., & Mejbel, B. G. (2020). A survey on image forgery detection using different forensic approaches. Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, 5(3), 361-370.
Archana, M. R., Biradar, D. N., & Dayanand, J. (2024). Image forgery detection in forensic science using optimization based deep learning models. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 83(15), 45185-45206.
Kumar, D., Pandey, R. C., & Mishra, A. K. (2024). A review of image features extraction techniques and their applications in image forensic. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 1-102.
Agarwal, S., & Chand, S. (2015). Image forgery detection using multi scale entropy filter and local phase quantization. International journal of image, graphics and signal processing, 7(10), 78.
Agarwal, S., & Jung, K. H. (2022). Photo forgery detection using RGB color model permutations. The Imaging Science Journal, 70(2), 87-101.
Ahmed, I. T., Hammad, B. T., & Jamil, N. (2021). Forgery detection algorithm based on texture features. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 24(1), 226-235.
Chen, Z., Tondi, B., Li, X., Ni, R., Zhao, Y., & Barni, M. (2019). Secure detection of image manipulation by means of random feature selection. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 14(9), 2454-2469.
Guo, X., Liu, X., Ren, Z., Grosz, S., Masi, I., & Liu, X. (2023). Hierarchical fine-grained image forgery detection and localization. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (pp. 3155-3165).
Kaushik, M. S., & Kandali, A. B. (2024). Hybrid Feature Selection for Effective Copy-Move Forgery Detection. International Journal of Intelligent Engineering & Systems, 17(2).
Meena, K. B., & Tyagi, V. (2019). Image forgery detection: survey and future directions. Data, Engineering and Applications: Volume 2, 163-194.
Mittal, H., Saraswat, M., Bansal, J. C., & Nagar, A. (2020, December). Fake-face image classification using improved quantum-inspired evolutionary-based feature selection method. In 2020 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI) (pp. 989-995). IEEE.
Saleh, S. Q., Hussain, M., Muhammad, G., & Bebis, G. (2013). Evaluation of image forgery detection using multi-scale weber local descriptors. In Advances in Visual Computing: 9th International Symposium, ISVC 2013, Rethymnon, Crete, Greece, July 29-31, 2013. Proceedings, Part II 9 (pp. 416-424). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Walia, S., Kumar, K., Kumar, M., & Gao, X. Z. (2021). Fusion of handcrafted and deep features for forgery detection in digital images. IEEE Access, 9, 99742-99755.
Balasubramanian, S. B., Prabu, P., Venkatachalam, K., & Trojovský, P. (2022). Deep fake detection using cascaded deep sparse auto-encoder for effective feature selection. PeerJ Computer Science, 8, e1040.
Luo, Z., Shafait, F., & Mian, A. (2015, August). Localized forgery detection in hyperspectral document images. In 2015 13th international conference on document analysis and recognition (ICDAR) (pp. 496-500). IEEE.
Qazi, E. U. H., Zia, T., & Almorjan, A. (2022). Deep learning-based digital image forgery detection system. Applied Sciences, 12(6), 2851.
Sudiatmika, I. B. K., Rahman, F., Trisno, T., & Suyoto, S. (2019). Image forgery detection using error level analysis and deep learning. TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control), 17(2), 653-659.
Deep Kaur, C., & Kanwal, N. (2019). An analysis of image forgery detection techniques. Statistics, Optimization & Information Computing, 7(2), 486-500.
Rhee, K. H. (2021). Generation of novelty ground truth image using image classification and semantic segmentation for copy-move forgery detection. IEEE access, 10, 2783-2796.
Li, H., Luo, W., Qiu, X., & Huang, J. (2016). Identification of various image operations using residual-based features. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 28(1), 31-45.
Bayar, B., & Stamm, M. C. (2016, June). A deep learning approach to universal image manipulation detection using a new convolutional layer. In Proceedings of the 4th ACM workshop on information hiding and multimedia security (pp. 5-10).
Van der Maaten, L., & Hinton, G. (2008). Visualizing data using t-SNE. Journal of machine learning research, 9(11).
Wang, F., Jiang, M., Qian, C., Yang, S., Li, C., Zhang, H., ... & Tang, X. (2017). Residual attention network for image classification. In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (pp. 3156-3164).
Simonyan, K. (2014). Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition. arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.1556.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
All papers should be submitted electronically. All submitted manuscripts must be original work that is not under submission at another journal or under consideration for publication in another form, such as a monograph or chapter of a book. Authors of submitted papers are obligated not to submit their paper for publication elsewhere until an editorial decision is rendered on their submission. Further, authors of accepted papers are prohibited from publishing the results in other publications that appear before the paper is published in the Journal unless they receive approval for doing so from the Editor-In-Chief.
IJISAE open access articles are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. This license lets the audience to give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made and if they remix, transform, or build upon the material, they must distribute contributions under the same license as the original.